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Sincerely,
Kathleen
  Bonding or Violence
An Introduction by
Michael Mendizza
A baby's developing body & brain mirror & reflect,
lifelong, the emotional-sensory environment provided by its first primary relationship, that is with its mother.
The Origins of Love & Violence (please see below) take root in this 1st,
primary sensory environment. What we call,
or nurturing, or its absence - very early in life
- structures the developing brain to interpret the world & its relationships as:
depending on trust or anxiety experienced in this first relationship.
The biological processes involved in the
Origins of Love & Violence are no longer a mystery. During pregnancy a mother's body provides the sensory stimulation;
- the taste
- touch
- smell
- sight
- sound
& the pleasure or pain associated with these
sensations that shape her baby's brain.
The state of the mother's
own body, in relationship to her environment, safe & nurturing, or unsafe & anxious, is mirrored in the baby's developing brain & nervous system.
If mother feels
safe & is herself nurtured, her baby's brain, with its creative capacities, will reap the benefit.
If mother feels unloved or unsupported, is threatened, anxious & fearful, nature will give greater emphasis to her baby's ancient core brain, with its defensive & survival systems, at the expense of evolution's newer creative capacities.
What begins in
pregnancy continues & expands at birth. And nature intends that direct intimate contact with mother's body will provide the pleasurable stimulation & emotional nurturing, the essential nutrients needed for her baby to develop a normal & healthy brain & nervous system.
During pregnancy, birth
& beyond, if not interfered with, nature locks the mother & baby's:
- biorhythms
- heart frequencies
- hormonal balances
- sleep patterns
- a thousand other living systems
into reciprocal bonded patterns.
The baby provides the precise
stimulus for mother to open & develop new capacities & mother does the same for her baby. Their language is non-verbal;
sensation & feeling.
Nature assumes this bond will
develop & places baby close to the mother's body & breast for just this reason & for an extended period of time.
Interfering with this close, intimate, skin-to-skin contact prevents a vital exchange of sensory experiences, nutrients & information required for normal & healthy brain development.
The absence (deprivation) of what we call bonding is neglect & abuse. Recently researchers at the McLean Hospital identified 4 types of permanent brain abnormalities caused by early childhood
abuse & neglect.
These & many other studies
confirm what James W. Prescott, Ph.D., & associates discovered in the 1960's & 1970's; that lack of affectionate, intimate contact between mothers & infants during the most sensitive periods of brain growth may result in permanent brain abnormalities
associated with juvenal & adult patterns of depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, aggression & violence.
Today the mirrored-reciprocal
relationship we call bonding is threatened. Mothers aren't valued, nurtured or supported by the culture. Drugs & technological birth
practices routinely separate mothers & babies during the most sensitive bonding period.
Single parent families,
an euphemism for single moms, without the support, mentoring & nurturing of extended families
& communities, routinely place the majority of infants & young children in institutional childcare for extended periods
of time, shortly after birth.
Lack of initial bonding, institutional childcare & social pressures, such as work schedules & welfare reform prevent most mothers from bonding with &
breast-feeding their babies.
Nothing can quite replace the loving touch & nurturing a mother provides for her baby & thru her touch she nurtures all of humanity. And what about fathers?
It's the primary role
of males to protect & support the women they love, so they can nurture all our children.
Maria Montessori claimed that humankind abandoned in this early formative period becomes the worst threat to its own survival.
To betray this essential need for nurturing which means loving, pleasurable touch & body contact, especially in males, who are biologically most vulnerable
early in life, results in increasing numbers of juvenile & adult males who:
females, the true source of the nurturing they need.
And this cycle of
violence spreads throughout society & the world.
What you'll find in
this section, Bonding & Violence, is the historical research, the politics, interviews, past publications &
copies of rare footage documenting how an absence of nurturing, affection, playful movement & breast feeding results in a variety of brain abnormalities associated with:
Some of the information is
highly technical, archived here for historical & research purposes. All is accessible & may be of interest to interested
parents, educators, health & child care professionals.
In 1952 John Steinbeck wrote
in East of Eden:
Dr. Prescott's pioneering
research found here explains the Origins of Love & Violence, dramatically, clearly. It's an honor to have his work represented here as part of Touch the Future.
Michael Mendizza
The body says what words cannot.
Martha Graham
Early History of The Origins of Love & Violence
James W. Prescott, born in
the depression years, was orphaned as a boy with his 3 brothers. These years of separation from his mother & family left
their lasting impression & provided the insight & drive to his life's work.
When he joined the newly formed
National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), NIH he formed the Developmental Behavioral Biology Program
& became its Health Scientist Administrator from 1966-1980.
A major focus of this NICHD
research program was to understand why depression & violence results from maternal-infant / child separations.
Caspar Weinberger, then Secretary
of the Department of Health, Education & Welfare (renamed the Department of Health & Human
Services-DHHS), directed the NICHD to expand its studies to uncover the origins of child abuse & neglect & of violence in the home.
See: http://www.violence.de/history/coverup.html
As a developmental neuropsychologist
& cross-cultural psychologist, Dr. Prescott focused the NICHD program efforts on developing research programs to understand how loss of early maternal-infant bonding - as sensory deprivation of somatic maternal love & nurturing - affects the developing primate brain that accounts for the pathologies of depression & violence that results from such early maternal separations.
See http://www.violence.de
The Origins of Love & Violence: An Overview
by James W. Prescott, Ph.D.
28 March 2002
Introduction
This past century can be considered the Century of Violence where more humans have destroyed each
other than in any other time in human history.
This
new Century was shocked into its existence when 2 airplane bombs were crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Century
by Islamic religious extremists that destroyed those twin towers with the loss of over 3,000 lives & which left over 10,000
children without a mother or father.
The terrorism
of religious violence is unique to the human primate & came into existence with the birth of monotheism, as Gibbon
(1776-1788) noted in The Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire. The polytheistic cultures
of antiquity never went to war over religion, according to Gibbon.
Although, monotheistic
religious violence is a secondary factor in the genesis of human violence, it'll be shown how the monotheistic religious moral values of pain & pleasure in human relationships have shaped the developing brain of
humanity for depression, social alienation, anger/rage & violence.
The human primate is, without question, the most violent primate
on the planet who directs more violence against the female & offspring of its species than by any other primate species
on the planet. Why is our closest genetic relative the bonobo or pygmy chimpanzee the most peaceful & affectionate primate on the planet?
There's only
about 1% genetic difference (DNA) between these 2 species where this small genetic difference
can't possibly account for the extraordinary differences in peaceful & violent behaviors between these 2 primate species.
The explanation
for the pathological violence of the human primate lies elsewhere & recent studies reveal that the answer is to be found
in how the developing brain is encoded or programmed for peaceful or violent behaviors in the newborn / infant / child by how it's reared.
Sarah Hardy in Mother Nature
(1999) observed that "no wild monkey or ape mother has ever been observed to deliberately
harm her own baby/"
Why does the human primate
harm its own offspring when no genes can be identified to account for this harm nor for the current epidemics of violence
that have grown over this past generation which precludes any changes in the human gene pool to account for this difference
(Prescott, 2001 ab).
The answer to this question
is to be found in the betrayal of millions of years of mammalian evolutionary biology by the human primate. This betrayal has 2 significant components:
a) how human infants/children
aren't nurtured which equates with the lack of affectional somatic bonding in the mother-infant/child relationship
b) suppression of the normal
development of sexual affectional bonds during the post puberty years that exists for all mammals except for the human mammal.
It'll be shown that it's the
impaired development of the pleasure systems of the brain that results from failed affectional bonding in the mother-infant / child relationship & in the failed sexual affectional bonding during the juvenile / adolescent stages of development, which have placed
the human primate on a life path for depression, social alienation & violence.
Tragically, the moral traditions
of the monotheistic religions have contributed significantly to this life path of self-destruction in homo sapiens where pain & suffering (biological avoidance) has become a virtue
& pleasure (biological attraction) has become a sin that must be avoided.
This moral theology has wrecked
havoc with the natural & normal integrative bio-psychological development of homo sapiens, which has resulted in the development
of the neurodissociative brain that mediates the neurodissociative behaviors of depression, alienation & violence.
The basic reciprocal inhibitory
relationship in the brain between pain & pleasure, between peace & violence must be recognized as fundamental neurobiological & neuropsychological processes that have been developed thru millions of years of mammalian
evolutionary biology that regulate peaceful & violent behaviors.
Evolutionary Mammalian Biology
Betrayed
No mammal on this planet, except the human mammal, separates the newborn from its mother at birth and
during the crucial and formative postnatal period of brain-behavioral development. No mammal on this planet, except the human
mammal, refuses to breastfeed its newborn and during the crucial and formative periods of breastfeeding for brain-behavioral
development that varies with mammalian species. The violation of these two mammalian universals by the human primate-homo
sapiens-has brought devastating consequences upon itself in terms of damaged biological and emotional-social health that threatens
the very existence of the species.
It is worth noting that the bonobo chimpanzee, which is the
most peaceful primate on the planet, breastfeed their young to about four years of age; the mother carries her offspring on
her body through early adolescence (particularly male offspring); and where multiple male/female sexual relationships are
commonplace which are characterized by the lack of aggression or violence (Diamond, 1992; De Waal and Lanting, 1997, Prescott,
2001).
Newman (1995) has summarized the essential role of breastfeeding
for healthy human development where WHO/UNICEF (1990) have recommended breastfeeding for "two years of age or beyond" that,
inexplicably, is not supported by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 1997). Laudenslager, et al. (1982) have documented
impaired immune system development from mother-infant separations (includes lack of breastfeeding). We shall see that breastfeeding
of the human primate for 2.5 years or greater is essential to optimize the health benefits (biological and psychosocial) of
breastfeeding for child and mother.
Bowlby/Montagu and Attachment
v Watson/Holt and non-Attachment.
There's a long
history of warnings from child & human development authorities on the dangers inherent in separating infants from their
mothers. Bowlby (1950), in a report on Maternal Care & Mental Health & in Child Care & the Growth of Love (1951)
to the World Health Organization (WHO) warned the world of the consequences of increasing mother-infant/child separations
associated with institutional child day care:
"Deprived children,
whether in their own homes or out of them, are the source of social infection as real & serious as are the carriers of
diphtheria & typhoid."
"The break-up of families & the shunting of illegitimates
are accepted without comment."
"One must beware of a vested
interest in the institutional care of children."
Renee Spitz (1946/1965) documented
that infants isolated in cribs with little or no physical contact & physical affection can die from an emotional wasting
away, which he called marasmus, even though medical & physical care were normal. Montagu (1971) has provided a history
of 2 national historical sources that have opposed bonding in the mother-infant/child relationship & which established
wrongful child rearing practices in America for this past century & which continues to this day.
Watson (1928) in his book
Psychological Care of Infant & Child stated: "…a sensible way of treating children…Never hug & kiss them,
never let them sit on your lap. If you must, kiss them once on the forehead when they say good night."
Luther Emmett Holt (1894),
the leading pediatric authority of his day, stated in his textbook: "To induce sleep, rocking & all other habits of this
sort are useless & may be harmful"; & later in 1916 advised that the crib shouldn't rock in order that "the unnecessary
& vicious practice may not be carried on". Holt couldn't have been in greater error, as we now know that gentle rocking
(movement) of the infant/child is essential for normal brain-behavioral development & bonding. See http://www.violence.de/tv/rockabye.html, which was premiered at the 1970 White House Conference on Children.
Liedloff (1975) has documented
the importance of baby carrying & affectional bonding between mother & infant/child in her single culture study. Joseph
Chilton Pearce reinforced the significance of bonding in Magical Child (1977):
"Bonding is the issue, regardless
of age. Bonding is a psychological-biological state, a vital physical link that coordinates & unifies the entire biological
system. Bonding seals a primary knowing that is the basis for rational thought."
Cook (1996) has provided a
review of how infants & nations are placed at risk with early child institutional care that ensures lack of bonding. For
over a century we've been given wrongful & disastrous advice by "authorities" in pediatrics & psychology that continues
to this day. Ferber (1985), a pediatrician, states:
"If your child is like this, you may be comforted to know that
headbanging, body rocking & head rolling are very common in early childhood & at least at this age, are usually normal.
If your child exhibits any of these behaviors there's little need for concern about emotional difficulties or neurological
illness" p.193; & "In the infant & young toddler, rhythmic patterns are of little significance & you'll not need
to intervene" (p.197).
Dr. Ferber couldn't be in
greater error & his statements indicate that it's imperative that all pediatricians be required to view the Time Life
documentary, "Rock a Bye Baby" & the other video documentaries which document the inherent pathology of body rocking &
other stereotypical behaviors consequent to the sensory deprivation of mother love (SSAD).
These video documentaries are available here.
Spock (1972), and Ferber (1985)
have advocated letting the infant/child engage in pathological chronic crying, e.g., crying itself to sleep, that has pathological
consequences of extreme adreno-cortical stress reactions that adversely affect brain-behavioral development (Selye, 1956;
Prescott, 2001).
Another commentary by Dr. Ferber is so egregious that it also
deserves reporting:
"A normal child will not injure
himself seriously while headbanging, although he occasionally may bruise his forehead & very rarely, there may be a small
amount of bleeding. Concussions, fractured skull, or brain injuries just do not occur. The main damage is to furniture &
walls" (p.198).
It's beyond comprehension to understand how forces so great that
damages furniture & walls don't damage the immature developing brain. Microlesions of the brain that can't be detected
today can have long term developmental brain consequences years later, as the studies of Faro & Windle (1969) have demonstrated
on the effects of birth asphyxia upon the developing brain.
The award-winning Time-Life
documentary, Rock a Bye Baby, that was premiered at the 1970 White House Conference on Children, dramatizes NICHD supported
research findings of impaired brain-behavioral development with mother-infant separations & the necessity of body movement
& rocking of the newborn/infant for normal brain-behavioral development.
The classic studies by Mason
(1968) & Mason & Berkson (1975), which demonstrated that artificial movement by a swinging mother surrogate could
prevent depression & violence in the separated infant, is required viewing by all who have an interest in optimizing healthy
development of the newborn/infant/child & can be viewed at:
http://www.violence.de/tv/rockabye.html
It's well known that early
life experiences have a profound effect upon brain-behavioral development, which has been demonstrated from a rich variety
of both animal & human studies. The studies of Salk, et al (1985) found prenatal & perinatal stress factors in 81%
of teen suicides & the Jacobson group in Sweden (Jacobson, et al, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1998/2000) found increased risks for
homicide, suicide & drug addictions in adulthood - as a consequence of obstetrical medication (& other perinatal
traumas) -which were as high as 500% compared to control groups with no obstetrical medications.
These studies illustrate how critical early life experiences
effect life-long developmental consequences upon the brain & behavior & that true prevention must begin before birth
& during the formative postnatal periods of brain-behavioral development.
NICHD Studies Document Impaired Brain Development With Loss
of Mother Love
When Dr. Prescott
joined the newly formed National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD),
NIH he formed the Developmental Behavioral Biology Program & became its Health Scientist Administrator from 1966-1980.
A major focus
of this NICHD research program was to understand why depression & violence results from maternal-infant/child
separations. Caspar Weinberger, then Secretary of the Dept. of Health, Education & Welfare-DHEW (renamed
the Dept. of Health & Human Services-DHHS), directed the NICHD to expand its studies to uncover the origins
of child abuse & neglect & of violence in the home.
As a developmental neuro-psychologist
& cross-cultural psychologist, Dr. Prescott focused the NICHD program efforts on developing research programs to understand
how loss of early maternal-infant bonding - as sensory deprivation of somatic maternal love & nurturing - affects
the developing primate brain that could account for the pathologies of depression & violence that results from such early
separations.
In a number of NICHD supported
studies with other scientists, a number & variety of developmental brain disorders were found in pathologically violent
adult mother deprived monkeys who had a history of depression & psychotic behaviors.
Dr. Prescott formulated the S-SAD (Somato Sensory Affectional Deprivation)
theory of brain function that could account for these emotional-social behavioral disorders which included the limbic-fronto-cerebellar
complex in mediating peaceful & violent behaviors. A number of studies have confirmed the validity of this theory. See
http://www.violence.de
In a series of NICHD supported
cross-cultural studies, Dr. Prescott found that he could predict with 80% accuracy the peaceful or homicidal violent nature
of 49 tribal cultures from a single measure of bonding in the mother-infant relationship, namely, carrying of the infant throughout
the day on the body of mother/allomother through the first year of life.
The peaceful or violent nature
of the remaining 10 cultures could be accurately predicted from whether the culture permitted or punished youth sexual
affectional relationships.
In brief, these 2 variables
of physical affectional bonding could predict with 100% accuracy the peaceful or violent nature of these 49 tribal cultures
distributed throughout the world (Prescott, 1975,1979,1996).
Crocker & Crocker (1994) have provided a detailed analysis of the vanishing matrilineal Canela tribe of the Brazil
Amazon that dramatizes the relationship of high infant/child nurturance & support of youth & adult sexual affectional
expression with non-violence.
In a series of subsequent
cross-cultural tribal studies, Dr. Prescott found that 77% of 26 tribal cultures whose weaning age was 2.5 years or longer
were rated low or absent in suicidal violence.
Further, he found significant
differences in suicidal behaviors between cultures with weaning age of 2.0 years or less v 2.5 years or greater. This finding
suggests that a critical period of brain development exists at this age to mediate this effect.
These & other data suggest
that breastfeeding for 2.5 years or longer is required to optimize the health benefits of breastfeeding for child & mother
(Zheng, 2000).
These breastfeeding effects
are undoubtedly mediated, in large part, by the rich presence of the amino acid tryptophan in breastmilk that is deficient
in infant formula milk & which is necessary for normal brain serotonin development.
See Table 2. Deficits in brain
serotonin are well recognized as a brain condition that mediates depression, impulse dyscontrol & the violence of suicide
& homicide (Prescott, 1996,1997, 2001).
See: http://www.violence.de/prescott/ttf/article.html
http://www.violence.de/coleman/article.html
http://www.ttfuture.org/pdf/Prescott-ALD.PDF
This issue of duration of
breastfeeding for optimal biological and mental-social health is particularly urgent when it's recognized that only 6.8%
of American mothers are breastfeeding at 12 months; 2.7% are breastfeeding at 24months; & only 1% at
30 months or more (Hediger, 2001; Prescott, 2001).
These statistics on breastfeeding
become even more alarming in the light of child & youth suicidal deaths which have doubled in the 5-14 year age group
over this past generation & has been the 3rd leading cause of death in the 15-24 year age group over this past generation.
Further, for the 5-14 year
age group the ratio of suicide rates to homicide rates have consistently increased over this past generation, as follows:
- 1979 - 36 %
- 1994 - 60%
- 1998 - 73%
It's also a sobering statistic
to note that more children & youth (5-24 year age group) have died
from suicidal death in the past 10 years (est 55,000) than combat lives
lost during the 10 year Vietnam War (47, 355). Yet, no memorial has been
established for these children of suicidal death.
It should be noted that the
American Academy of Pediatrics in its 1997 revision of its breastfeeding recommendations didn't acknowledge the research studies
that confirmed tryptophan deficits in infant formula milk which compromises normal brain development & places infants/children
at high risk for the development of:
- depression
- impulse dyscontrol
- drug abuse
- suicidal/ homicidal violence
Further & inexplicably,
the AAP didn't affirm the recommendations of WHO & UNICEF that breastfeeding should be for "2 years of age or beyond"
(AAP, 1997; WHO/UNICEF, 1990). What does WHO & UNICEF know that the AAP doesn't know?
These data demand studies
to evaluate the harmful effects of infant formula milk upon brain development & behavior compared to breastfeeding for
"2 years of age or beyond" & to evaluate the history of duration of breastfeeding in child & youth suicides &
those with a history of depression & psychiatric medication. The NIH, inexplicably, refuses to conduct these studies.
NICHD Early Child Day
Care Study
The report of the NICHD (National
Institute of Child Health & Human Development) Study of Early Child Care (SECC)
found that infants & very young children who spend more than 30 hours a week in child care "are far more demanding, more
non-compliant & they're more aggressive" & "They scored higher on things like gets in lots of fights, cruelty, bullying,
meanness as well as talking too much, demands must be met immediately", according to Dr.Belsky, one of the principle investigators"
(Stolberg, New York Times, April 19, 2001) (emphasis
mine)
Dr. Sarah Friedman, NICHD
Scientific Project Officer was reported as saying ""We can't & shouldn't hide the findings but I don't want to create
a mass hysteria when I don't know what explains these results" (Stolberg, 2001).
Unfortunately, no measures
of biological stress disorders were incorporated into this study nor was there any awareness of the early NICHD studies in
the 1960s & 1970s, which documented these behaviors in the maternally deprived young.
It has yet to be recognized
that cruelty, bullying & meanness that terrorizes so many of our children & youth in our elementary schools &
high schools have their roots in the emotional trauma of mother-infant/child separations associated with institutionalized
day care & from other separations.
These collective emotional-social
traumas are sufficiently great to establish an unstable brain that combined with other stress experiences compels many students
to despair & the violent acts of homicide & suicide.
It's estimated that some 20%
of our nation's students have contemplated suicide at one time or another (Moran, 2000; Silverman,
et al 200l; Prescott, 2001). What's wrong with America & American families that drive so many of our youth to depression,
despair & suicide?
Belsky
(2001), a member of the research team of the NICHD-SECC, has published his most recent findings
& conclusions regarding the damaging emotional-social effects of infant & early child day care.
Evidence
indicating that early, extensive & continuous nonmaternal care is associated with less harmonious parent-child relations
& elevated levels of aggression & noncompliance suggest that concerns raised about early & extensive child care
15 years ago remain valid & that alternative explanations of Belsky's originally-controversial conclusion don't account
for seemingly adverse effects of routine non-maternal care that continue to be reported in the literature. (Abstract)…
Ultimately, hard headed work is called for to gain insight into the developmental mechanisms that give rise to the aggressive
& non-compliant behavior so often found to be related to early, extensive & continuous non-maternal child care. For
sure the road doesn't end with the NICHD-SECC (p.35, ms, emphasis mine).
Unfortunately, the road that
gained insight into the developmental mechanisms that mediate the aggressive, non-compliant & other disordered emotional-social
behaviors, e.g. depression & suicide consequent to mother-infant/child separations - which was illuminated by the Time
Life documentary "Rock a Bye Baby"- was blocked & terminated by the NICHD in the late 1970s.
The NICHD unlawfully abandoned
its agency responsibility to continue to support research on the causes & consequences of violence against children &
failed to recommend implementation of national health programs for the prevention of this violence.
These unlawful NICHD/NIH actions
hasn't only set-back scientific advances in this field for over a quarter of a century but more importantly has resulted in
the epidemics of depression, drug abuse, psychiatric medications & violence that characterizes this nation today with
a substantial loss of child & youth life due to suicidal & homicidal deaths that are mostly preventable.
See
http://www.violence.de/history/coverup.html
Past Is Prologue - Report
to the President. 1970 White House Conference on Children
Never has this
White House Conference come at a time of greater national questioning…The Conference can & will define problems,
seek new knowledge, evaluate past successes & failures & outline alternative courses of action.
President Richard M. Nixon, December 5, 1969
Minority Report of Forum 15. Chairman,
Urie Bronfenbrenner.
I take issue with the accompanying document on
2 major counts.
First, the report, in my judgment fails to convey
the urgency & severity of the problem confronting the nation's families & their children.
Second, the document underestimates & consequently
fails to alert the reader to the critical role played by business & industry - both private & public - in determining
the life style of the American family & the manner in which parent & children are treated in American society.
I shall speak to each of these points in turn….(and)
America's families & their children, are in trouble, trouble so deep & pervasive as to threaten the future of our
nation. The source of the trouble is nothing less than a national neglect of children & those primarily engaged in their
care - America's parents. (and) The Editorial Committee objected to this statement on the grounds that it applied only to
a minority of the nation's children & that, therefore, no note of urgency was justified. I strongly disagree (p. 252)
(Hess, 1970)
It's transparent that the
1970 White House Conference on Children was a failure, as the prescient words of Professor Urie Bronfenbrenner attest.
The children, youth &
families of America are worse off today - by any health statistic - than they were in 1970 - over 30 years ago.
This massive failure of America can be laid at the doorsteps of the Congress & its political parties; The White House;
the National Institutes of Health & the Dept.of Health & Human Services, which over this past generation have failed
to support mothers being nurturing mothers and which continues to this day.
America has truly lost it's
dream of "…Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness". The disintegration of America from within is well on its way.
Summary, Conclusions
& Recommendations
The realization of peaceful & harmonious behaviors at
the individual & cultural level can only be obtained with a neuro-integrative brain & not with a neuro-dissociative
brain.
These two brains
are formed thru the developmental sensory processes of pleasure stimulation or pleasure deprivation
that's mediated first thru the mother-infant/child pleasure bonding relationship or its absence.
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